- Anushka Verma

Abstract: The global wellness industry has increasingly turned to Bhārat’s ancient yogic traditions as a source of holistic health solutions. This paper critically examines the concept of a “Yoga Economy,” conceptualizing it as an intersection of traditional Indian wisdom, global health imperatives, and economic sustainability. Drawing upon classical sources such as the Yoga Sūtras of Patañjali, the Bhagavad Gītā, and the broader philosophical frameworks of Vedānta and Sāṃkhya, this study explores how yoga’s epistemic foundations contribute to contemporary discourses on physical, mental, and spiritual well-being.

The research cites yoga’s global commodification within the dialectic of cultural appropriation and economic opportunity, questioning whether the widespread commercialization of yoga aligns with its ethical and philosophical origins. Using an interdisciplinary approach that integrates economic philosophy, Ayurveda, and global health studies, the paper argues for an authentic and sustainable model of yoga dissemination, one that prioritizes ethical practice, community well-being, and equitable access over market-driven exploitation.

Furthermore, this study examines Bharat’s policy initiatives, such as the AYUSH ministry and International Yoga Day, to assess their role in shaping the Yoga Economy. It also interrogates how yoga, as a non-dualistic and integrative tradition, can serve as an indigenous paradigm for addressing the crisis of modern healthcare, offering solutions to stress management, chronic illness, and mental health disorders. Ultimately, this paper advocates for a recalibration of the Yoga Economy—moving from a consumerist framework toward a dharma-centered paradigm that reclaims yoga as a tool for global well-being and collective flourishing keeping in consideration the theme of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam.

Keywords: Yoga Economy, Indian Philosophy, Global Health, Ayurveda, Cultural Appropriation, Dharma, Economy, Holistic Well-being

Introduction

Yoga, an ancient practice deeply embedded in Indian spiritual and philosophical traditions, has emerged as a significant component of the global wellness industry. With a history spanning thousands of years, yoga has been traditionally practiced as a means to attain spiritual enlightenment, self-discipline, and holistic well-being. The system of yoga, as elucidated in the Yoga Sūtras of Patañjali, outlines an eightfold path (aṣṭāṣāṁga yoga), which encompasses ethical disciplines, physical postures, breath control, and meditative absorption, ultimately leading to liberation (kaivalya). Similarly, the Bhagavad Gītā presents yoga as a multifaceted discipline incorporating Karma Yoga (the yoga of action), Bhakti Yoga (the yoga of devotion), and Jñāna Yoga (the yoga of knowledge), underscoring its integral role in human development.

In the modern era, yoga has transcended its traditional boundaries, evolving into a global phenomenon encompassing fitness, therapy, and lifestyle enhancement. The increasing recognition of yoga’s benefits in stress reduction, mental health improvement, and chronic disease management has fueled its widespread adoption, leading to the rise of a

multi-billion-dollar industry. However, this rapid commercialization has sparked debates regarding the authenticity, accessibility, and ethical implications of yoga’s global expansion. The commodification of yoga, particularly in Western markets, often strips it of its spiritual and philosophical essence, reducing it to a mere fitness regimen and consumer product. This shift raises critical questions: To what extent has yoga’s traditional wisdom been preserved in its modern economic forms? How can a balance be achieved between economic sustainability and cultural authenticity?

This paper seeks to examine the intersection of yoga’s traditional wisdom and its contemporary economic manifestations, analyzing the ways in which Bharat’s rich yogic heritage can contribute to global health without succumbing to market-driven distortions. By integrating perspectives from classical Indian philosophy, Ayurveda, economy, and global health studies, this research aims to propose a framework for a dharma-centered Yoga Economy, one that aligns with the ethical imperatives of yoga while addressing contemporary health challenges.

Historical and Philosophical Foundations of Yoga

Yoga, as codified in Patañjali’s Yoga Sūtras, is an eightfold path (aṣṭāṣāṁga yoga) aimed at self-realization and liberation (kaivalya) (YS 2.29). The Bhagavad Gītā extends this framework by presenting three principal forms of yoga—Karma Yoga, Bhakti Yoga and Jñāna Yoga (BG 3.19, 9.22, 4.39). These texts emphasize yoga as a holistic discipline that integrates ethical conduct (yama), self-discipline (niyama), physical postures (āsana), breath control (prāḥāyāma), withdrawal of senses from external influences (pratyahara), concentration (dhāraṇā), and meditation (dhyāna) to achieve transcendence (Samadhi) (YS

1.2).

From a metaphysical perspective, yoga aligns with the Sāṁkhya dualism of Puruṣa, meaning pure consciousness and Prakṛti, meaning material nature, wherein spiritual liberation is attained by disentangling the self from material attachments and realizing the distinction between the seer (Puruṣa) and the seen (Prakṛti). The Yoga Sūtras (3.50-3.55) describe this process as a journey toward absolute detachment, where the yogi transcends the influences of the material world and attains pure awareness. This philosophical foundation highlights that yoga is not merely a physical practice but an introspective path that cultivates mental clarity, emotional stability, and spiritual wisdom.

Moreover, the Sāṁkhya-Yoga framework provides a systematic approach to understanding human suffering and its resolution. The afflictions (kleśas), ignorance (avidyā), egoism (asmitā), attachment (rāga), aversion (dveṣa), and fear of death (abhiniveśa) are seen as obstacles to self-realization (YS 2.3). Through disciplined yogic practice, these afflictions are gradually weakened, allowing the practitioner to attain inner tranquility and ultimate liberation.

This is essential in understanding yoga beyond its physical dimension, highlighting its role in mental and emotional well-being. By integrating ethical living, meditative absorption, and intellectual discernment, yoga presents itself as a comprehensive system for attaining harmony between mind, body, and spirit. Its enduring philosophical principles continue to offer significant insights into contemporary discussions on holistic health, resilience, and human flourishing.

The Global Commercialization of Yoga

The globalization of yoga has led to its widespread popularity across different cultures, yet this expansion has not come without significant transformations. In many parts of the world, particularly in Western societies, yoga has largely been redefined as a physical fitness regimen, often stripped of its philosophical and spiritual dimensions. This shift is evident in the proliferation of yoga studios, online classes, luxury retreats, and branded yoga merchandise, which cater to consumer preferences rather than adhering to traditional yogic principles.

One of the key concerns with this commercialization is the risk of cultural appropriation, a phenomenon in which an element of a traditional culture is borrowed, commodified, and marketed without fully respecting its origins. While yoga’s global dissemination can be seen as a form of cultural exchange, its adaptation into a profit-driven industry often neglects its ethical and philosophical foundations. In many instances, instructors with minimal exposure to traditional yogic teachings brand themselves as “certified” yoga teachers after undergoing short-term training programs, thereby reducing yoga to a mere skill rather than a lifelong discipline aimed at self-transformation.

Moreover, the wellness industry, which is valued at approximately $4.4 trillion (Global Wellness Institute Report, 2023), has capitalized on yoga by integrating it into fitness regimes, corporate wellness programs, and therapeutic interventions. This commodification has led to the emergence of yoga apparel brands, high-end yoga mats, and expensive retreats, making yoga increasingly inaccessible to those who may benefit from its holistic healing potential but cannot afford the commercialized versions of it.

From an ethical standpoint, the Bhagavad Gītā cautions against actions performed solely for material gain, highlighting the importance of detachment from the fruits of labor:

“He who acts without attachment, resigning the fruits of action to the Supreme, is untainted by karma.” (Bhagavad Gītā 5.10)

This verse suggests that yoga should be practiced and shared with a sense of duty (dharma) rather than being driven purely by profit motives. When yoga becomes excessively commercialized, there is a risk that its transformative potential is overshadowed by market trends and consumerism. This distortion not only impacts the authenticity of yoga but also raises ethical questions about who benefits from its commodification, whether it is the communities that have preserved these traditions for millennia or multinational corporations capitalizing on a profitable trend.

For yoga to retain its authenticity and serve as a tool for holistic well-being, it is crucial to align its economic activities with ethical principles. This may involve ensuring that yoga teachers receive training grounded in traditional knowledge, making yoga education more accessible, and promoting a balanced approach that integrates both its physical and spiritual dimensions. Instead of merely serving as a luxury commodity, yoga must be reclaimed as a universal tool for self-development, collective well-being, and spiritual evolution.

Yoga, Health and Economic Sustainability

A truly sustainable Yoga Economy must integrate traditional yogic wisdom with contemporary health needs, ensuring that yoga remains both economically viable and aligned with its philosophical and therapeutic roots. This requires a model that balances spiritual integrity, public health benefits, and economic sustainability, ensuring that yoga serves as a universal resource rather than a commodified luxury.

Ayurveda, often considered yoga’s sister science, provides a structure that aligns with yoga’s principles, emphasizing physical, mental, and spiritual well-being. Together, these disciplines can contribute to a sustainable health ecosystem that supports individuals, communities, and public health systems. However, the challenge remains in ensuring equitable access to authentic yoga education and practice, rather than its commercial exploitation.

A dharma-centered approach, where economic sustainability is guided by righteous duty (dharma) rather than material profit (artha) can ensure that yoga’s benefits are widely accessible. This involves community health initiatives, ethical teacher training, and integrative healthcare applications, all of which align with both ancient wisdom and modern public health goals.

Yoga and Ayurveda

Ayurveda and yoga have historically functioned as complementary sciences, addressing health at multiple levels through an integrated approach. At the physical level, Ayurveda prescribes daily and seasonal regimens (dinacharya and ṛtucharya) that align with yoga’s emphasis on discipline (tapas). Practices such as āsana (postures) and prāṇāyāma (breath control) enhance bodily strength and immunity, reinforcing Ayurveda’s focus on maintaining balance.

Beyond the physical, mental well-being is also central to this integration. The Caraka Samhitā (1.40-50) highlights the interconnectedness of body and mind, emphasizing meditation (dhyāna), proper food (āhāra), and lifestyle habits (vihāra) as essential for mental clarity and emotional stability.

Both Ayurveda and yoga recognize disease as an imbalance (doṣa-vikṛti) that obstructs spiritual growth, reinforcing their shared goal of holistic well-being. Yoga’s ultimate aim, self-realization (mokṣa), is deeply connected to Ayurveda’s preventative health approach, which ensures mind-body harmony. In this light, a Yoga Economy rooted in Ayurveda-based health models can promote long-term wellness sustainability rather than prioritizing short-term commercial gains, forming a system where health is seen as a means to higher spiritual and personal fulfillment.

Scientific Validation of Yoga’s Public Health Potential

Modern scientific research has confirmed the extensive health benefits of yoga, reinforcing its role as both a preventative and therapeutic intervention. According to a Harvard Medical School Report (2022), yoga has been shown to reduce stress and anxiety by lowering cortisol levels and activating the parasympathetic nervous system, promoting relaxation and overall well-being. It also improves cardiovascular health by reducing blood pressure, cholesterol, and the risk of heart disease. It alleviates chronic pain conditions such as arthritis, lower back pain, and fibromyalgia, offering a non-invasive approach to pain management.

Beyond physical health, yoga enhances cognitive function by improving focus, memory, and emotional regulation, while also serving as an effective support for mental health treatment in conditions like depression, PTSD, and substance abuse. Given these proven medical benefits, integrating yoga into healthcare systems could significantly reduce the global burden of disease, lower healthcare costs, and enhance public health outcomes. However, achieving this requires institutional support, ethical dissemination, and universal accessibility.

Government Initiatives for Yoga Promotion: The Role of AYUSH and International Yoga Day

Recognizing yoga’s potential for public health, the Indian government has taken institutional steps to promote its practice through policy initiatives and global outreach.

AYUSH Ministry: Institutionalizing Yoga as a Public Health Resource

The Ministry of AYUSH (Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy) was established to promote traditional Indian healing systems as part of mainstream healthcare. Through various initiatives, the ministry aims to integrate holistic wellness approaches into modern healthcare frameworks, ensuring their accessibility and scientific validation.

• One of the key efforts of the Ministry of AYUSH is the establishment of the Yoga Certification Board (YCB), which regulates yoga teacher training and ensures standardized education. By setting rigorous guidelines for yoga instructors and institutions, YCB enhances the credibility and effectiveness of yoga education, making it more structured and reliable.
• Integration of yoga therapy into hospitals and wellness centers. By incorporating yoga as a complementary treatment, healthcare institutions provide holistic healing options for patients, addressing both physical and mental health concerns. This approach strengthens the role of yoga in disease prevention and rehabilitation.
• The ministry actively conducts yoga awareness campaigns, organizing workshops, public events, and research programs to spread awareness about yoga’s benefits. These initiatives help bridge the gap between traditional wisdom and modern medical science, encouraging more people to adopt yoga as a part of their daily lives for long-term well-being.

International Yoga Day: A Global Movement

In 2014, Bharat successfully advocated for June 21 to be recognized as International Yoga Day by the United Nations, creating global recognition of yoga’s holistic benefits. Since its inception, it has encouraged worldwide participation, with millions of people practicing yoga annually in over 190 countries. This global observance has also promoted scientific research into yoga’s benefits across multiple disciplines, strengthening its credibility as both a preventative and therapeutic practice. Additionally, it has played a significant role in cultural diplomacy, positioning Bharat as a global leader in holistic health and wellness.

However, despite these initiatives, the commercialization of yoga remains a challenge, often leading to elite exclusivity rather than universal accessibility. In many cases, yoga is marketed as a luxury commodity, limiting its reach to privileged groups rather than serving as an inclusive, community-based practice. This growing disparity highlights the urgent need for a sustainable, community-driven model that ensures yoga’s economic and social impact benefits all, aligning with its original philosophy of well-being for all humanity.

Towards a Dharma-Centered Yoga Economy: Prioritizing Community Health Over Profit

To truly align yoga with economic sustainability, a shift is needed from a profit-driven model to a dharma-centered framework. This involves:

1. Ethical Teacher Training and Regulation: Many modern yoga teacher training programs prioritize quick certification for profit, often neglecting the depth of traditional philosophy and ethical foundations. This commercialization risks diluting the essence of yoga, reducing it to mere physical exercise rather than a holistic practice rooted in discipline, self-awareness, and spiritual growth. To address this issue, yoga teacher training should be based on a rigorous study of classical texts such as the Yoga Sūtras, Bhagavad Gītā, and Upaniṣads, ensuring a deep understanding of yoga’s philosophical and ethical dimensions. Such training should be supervised by authentic scholars who can guide practitioners beyond physical postures toward the true essence of yoga. Implementing this requires strengthening the Yoga Certification

Board (YCB) to establish and enforce higher standards for ethical and comprehensive

teacher training, ensuring that yoga remains an authentic and accessible practice rather than a commercialized commodity.

2. Community Health Initiatives: Yoga should not remain an elite privilege but should be integrated into public health initiatives to ensure its accessibility for all. While yoga’s benefits are widely recognized, its commercialization has often restricted its reach to affluent communities, leaving many without access to its transformative potential. To address this, low-cost yoga programs should be provided in schools, rural areas, and underprivileged communities, making yoga an inclusive practice that supports physical, mental, and emotional well-being for all. This can be effectively implemented through government funding for community yoga centers and subsidized teacher training programs focused on social outreach. By investing in these initiatives, yoga can become a powerful tool for public health, bridging socioeconomic gaps and fostering holistic well-being across diverse populations.
3. Yoga in Hospitals and Therapy: Instead of being confined to private wellness retreats, yoga should be mainstreamed into medical treatment to maximize its therapeutic potential. Given its scientifically proven benefits for physical and mental health, yoga can serve as an effective complementary therapy alongside conventional medicine. To achieve this, collaboration between yoga practitioners and healthcare professionals is essential in developing evidence-based therapeutic yoga programs tailored to specific health conditions. This can be implemented by establishing hospital-based yoga therapy departments dedicated to treating lifestyle disorders, chronic illnesses, and mental health conditions. By integrating yoga into mainstream healthcare, patients can access holistic, non-invasive treatment options that enhance overall well-being while reducing the burden on medical systems.
4. Sustainable Yoga Enterprises: Ethical Business Models: The yoga economy today often prioritizes consumerism (artha) over spiritual well-being (dharma), leading to commercialization that undermines yoga’s deeper purpose. A more ethical business model should align with yoga’s core values by promoting sustainability, fairness, and accessibility. This includes supporting fair trade yoga products—such as mats, clothing, and accessories—made from eco-friendly materials that minimize environmental impact. Additionally, it is crucial to ensure fair wages for traditional yoga teachers, particularly in Bharat, where many are underpaid despite their deep knowledge of authentic practices. By prioritizing ethical and community-focused principles, the yoga economy can shift from profit-driven consumerism to a model rooted in sustainability and social responsibility.

Reclaiming a Dharma-Centered Yoga Economy

The widespread commercialization of yoga has raised concerns about its ethical dilution, accessibility, and authenticity. To restore yoga’s original essence while ensuring its sustainability as a global practice, a dharma-centered economic model must be adopted, one that aligns with the philosophical principles of yoga while serving as a means of holistic well-being for individuals and societies. A dharma-centered yoga economy is not opposed to economic sustainability, but it prioritizes ethical dissemination, equitable access, integration with public health, and sustainable economic models. The following four principles provide a structure for reclaiming yoga’s authenticity while ensuring its economic viability:

Preserving Philosophical and Ethical Integrity

One of the key concerns in the modern yoga industry is the dilution of its ethical and philosophical teachings. Many contemporary yoga practitioners and teachers receive minimal exposure to foundational texts such as Patañjali’s Yoga Sūtras, the Bhagavad Gītā, and the Upaniṣads. Instead, yoga is often reduced to a set of postures (āsana) and breathing exercises (prāṇāyāma), detached from its deeper purpose of spiritual liberation (kaivalya).

Patañjali’s Yoga Sūtras (2.35-2.45) emphasize the yamas and niyamas as the foundation of yoga practice:

• Yamas (ethical principles): These include ahiṃsā (non-violence), satya (truthfulness), asteya (non-stealing), brahmacarya (moderation), and aparigraha (non-possessiveness). A yoga economy rooted in dharma should embody these principles by ensuring that yoga instruction is truthful, non-exploitative, and free from excessive commercialization.
• Niyamas (personal        disciplines):   These include            śauca    (purity),           santoṣa

(contentment), tapas (discipline), svādhyāya (self-study), and īśvarapraṇidhāna (surrender to the divine). Yoga practitioners and institutions should cultivate self-discipline and humility, rather than seeking commercial gains at the cost of spiritual depth.

A dharma-centered approach ensures that yoga education and teacher training programs are rooted in these ethical foundations, promoting holistic growth rather than mere financial success. Certification programs should require rigorous study of classical texts, and yoga teachers should be equipped to transmit the full depth of yogic wisdom, not just its physical aspects.

Equitable Access

Yoga, in its contemporary form, has become increasingly associated with privilege. High-cost yoga classes, luxury retreats, and expensive certifications have turned yoga into a commodity accessible mainly to the upper and middle classes, particularly in Western countries. This contradicts the essence of yoga, which was historically taught freely or as a service (seva) to spiritual seekers, without monetary barriers.

To restore yoga’s universal accessibility, the following measures should be implemented:

• Subsidized yoga education: Governments, non-profit organizations, and spiritual institutions should provide low-cost yoga education, ensuring that people from all socio-economic backgrounds can access its benefits.
• Community outreach programs: Yoga should be introduced to underprivileged communities, including rural populations, economically disadvantaged groups, and marginalized communities. Yoga programs in prisons, rehabilitation centers, and refugee camps have already shown significant psychological and emotional benefits.
• Reduced blind commercialization of teacher training programs: Many yoga teacher training courses charge exorbitant fees, making it difficult for dedicated practitioners to become certified instructors. Ethical reforms should encourage affordable or donation-based training programs that prioritize knowledge over profit.

True yoga is inclusive, and reclaiming its authenticity requires a shift away from elitist wellness culture toward a model that upholds loka-saṃgraha, the collective welfare of society (Bhagavad Gītā 3.25).

Integration with Public Health: Recognizing Yoga’s Role in Holistic Well-Being

Yoga has been widely recognized for its physical, mental, and emotional health benefits. Ancient Ayurvedic texts, such as the Caraka Samhitā, highlight the interconnectedness of mind, body, and spirit in maintaining overall health. In verses 4.24-4.30, the text emphasizes how disciplined living, proper breathing, and meditation enhance longevity and prevent disease. Modern scientific studies have corroborated these insights, demonstrating yoga’s effectiveness in managing stress, anxiety, cardiovascular diseases, and chronic illnesses.

To integrate yoga into public health frameworks, the following steps should be taken:

• Government-endorsed yoga programs: Governments should integrate yoga into national healthcare initiatives, providing free or subsidized yoga therapy for physical and mental health conditions. The integration of yoga into Bharat’s AYUSH (Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy) system provides a model for other nations to follow.
• Medical collaborations: Hospitals and clinics should collaborate with certified yoga practitioners to provide complementary treatment for conditions like hypertension, diabetes, and depression. Scientific research should be encouraged to further validate yoga’s medical benefits.
• Incorporation in educational institutions: Schools and universities should include yoga in their curricula to promote holistic health among students from an early age. This aligns with the traditional gurukula system, where physical and mental discipline were integral to learning.

By recognizing yoga as a valuable public health resource rather than a commercial product, societies can harness its potential for the well-being of all individuals, regardless of economic status.

Sustainable Economic Models: Shifting from Consumerism to Ethical Yoga Enterprises

The Bhagavad Gītā (3.21) states:

“Whatever a great person does, others will follow. Whatever standard they set, the world will adopt.”

This verse highlights the responsibility of thought leaders, entrepreneurs, and institutions in shaping a more ethical approach to the yoga economy. Instead of prioritizing profit maximization, yoga-related businesses should align their models with dharma, ensuring sustainability and ethical responsibility.

Key strategies for a sustainable yoga economy include:

• Non-profit and community-driven yoga centers: Rather than corporate yoga chains, local community yoga centers should be encouraged. These centers can operate on a donation-based or sliding-scale payment model, making yoga affordable for everyone.
• Ethical yoga merchandise: The production of yoga-related products (mats, clothing, props) should follow sustainable and ethical business practices, avoiding exploitation of labor or environmental harm.
• Fair compensation for traditional practitioners: Many authentic Indian yoga gurus and traditional teachers do not receive due recognition or compensation, while Western celebrities and influencers profit from yoga branding. Equitable economic models should ensure that traditional practitioners receive fair opportunities and representation.

A dharma-centered yoga economy moves away from consumerist exploitation and toward a model that respects yoga’s spiritual roots while ensuring its economic viability in an ethical and sustainable manner.

Conclusion

Bhārat’s Yoga Economy stands at a crucial juncture, where it must balance the integrity of its ancient wisdom with the demands of modernity. While globalization has expanded yoga’s reach, its commercialization has often diluted its ethical and philosophical foundations, reducing it to a luxury commodity. To reclaim yoga’s authenticity and ensure its true purpose endures, its economic model must shift from commercial exploitation to ethical dissemination, accessibility, public health integration, and sustainability.

A dharma-centered yoga economy does not reject financial viability but instead seeks to harmonize economic sustainability with ethical responsibility. This model envisions yoga not as a product for elite consumption but as a universal tool for self-transformation and collective well-being. By integrating traditional yogic wisdom, modern scientific research, and community-driven health initiatives, societies can preserve yoga’s true essence while maximizing its positive impact on global health. A truly sustainable yoga economy must be:

• Ethically disseminated, ensuring that its philosophical depth and authenticity are preserved.
• Universally accessible, making yoga inclusive across all socio-economic groups rather than a privilege of the affluent.
• Integrated into healthcare systems, offering a cost-effective and holistic approach to disease prevention and mental well-being.
• Sustainably managed, ensuring fairness, environmental responsibility, and long-term viability.

By moving away from a profit-driven model and embracing a dharma-aligned approach, yoga can continue to serve as a bridge between personal enlightenment and societal well-being. This transformation will allow yoga to fulfill the vision of the ancient seers and sages, empowering individuals while promoting a healthier, more conscious, and interconnected world.

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