Nishant Chaturvedi

INTRODUCTION– Reverse Migration also known as return migration refers to the phenomenon where migrants return to their place of origin after having migrated to another place for a certain period. It’s a common occurrence worldwide but it has gained significant attention in BHARAT due to large scale reverse migration prompted by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Bharat is one of the predominant countries in terms of migration, according to Census of Bharat (2011) the total number of internal migrants accounting for inter and intra-state movement to be 450 million. The main reasons of migration are adverse economic conditions caused by Poverty, Low productivity, Unemployment and Exhaustion of Natural Resources. COVID-19 lockdown forced the migrants to return home and this has been a boon for migrants. as they were working in urban cities where they did not have any kind of health securities, social securities. they had to work in hazardous places risking their lives. They were also being harassed in various ways like using abusive language and also not being on paid time. Reverse migration gave them a relief.

OBJECTIVES–

To gauge the impact of reverse migration on Migrants and Rural Economy.
To assess the efforts made by government for the Benefit of Reverse Migrants.

Hypothesis –

H0: There is no Impact of reverse migration on Rural Economy

H1: There is a significant Impact of reverse migration on migrants and rural economy.

DATA – This study is based on secondary data which has been taken from government and other reliable sources like Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS), Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI), Ministry of Rural Development, Ministry of labor and employment, National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD), Federation of Bharatn Chambers of Commerce & Industry (FICCI).

DATA ANALYSIS – According to NSS 78^thRound Multiple Indicator survey in Bharat issued in (2020-2021), out of the 135-crore population of Bharat among males, employment was the main reason for migration, being 38.7 percent in rural areas and 56.1 percent in urban areas. For females, marriage was the main reason for migration, being 93.4 percent in rural areas and 71.5 percent in urban areas. As per the Report Migration in Bharat, 2020-21, based on Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) 2020-21, released by Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI), In Bharat the total migration rate in Bharat was 28.9% and in rural was 26.5%. Out of the total migrant persons, around 10.8% persons were migrated due to employment related reasons. The employment related reasons include in search of employment/better employment, for employment/ work (to take up employment/ to take up better employment/ business/ proximity to place of work/ transfer) and loss of job/closure of unit/lack of employment opportunities.

As per the survey conducted by NSO (July 2020 – June 2021), Government of Bharat

Migration rate (percentage of migrants in the population of 135cr) in Bharat: 28.9%

Migration Rate	Rural – 26.5%	Urban – 34.9%
	Male – 5.9%	Male – 22.5%
	Female – 48.0%	Female – 47.8%

Percentage of internal migrants in rural areas from rural and urban areas:

Internal migrants in Rural Areas

Percentage of male migrants in rural areas

From Rural Areas

46.4%

From Urban Areas

53.6%

Percentage of female migrants in rural areas

From Rural Areas

89%

From Urban Areas

11%

Percentage of internal migrants in urban areas from rural and urban areas:

Internal migrants in Urban Areas

Percentage of male migrants in Urban areas

From Rural Areas

54.8%

From Urban Areas

45.2%

Percentage of female migrants in Urban areas

From Rural Areas

54.3%

From Urban Areas

45.7%

Source – PLFS.

As per the survey conducted by Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI), in 2020-2021 (Migration in Bharat), There are different reasons for migration in Bharat, out of which the reason for maximum migration among males is employment, While among in females it is marriage.

Reasons of Migration: –

A) In search of employment/ better employment
B) For employment/ work (to take up employment/ to take up better employment / business/ proximity to place of work/ transfer)

C)Loss of job/closure of unit / lack of employment opportunities

D)Migration of parent/earning number of the family

E) To pursue studies
Marriage
Natural disaster (drought, flood, tsunami, etc)
Social/political problems (riots, terrorism, political refugee, bad law and order, etc.)
Displacement by development project
Health related reasons
Acquisition of own house/ flat
Housing problems
Post retirement
All

Reason of migration	MALE	FEMALE	PERSONS
A	22.8	0.6	4.8
B	20.1	0.7	4.4
C	6.7	0.4	1.6
D	17.5	7.3	9.2
E	4.7	0.6	1.4
F	6.2	86.8	71.6
G	0.6	0.1	0.2
H	0.6	0.1	0.2
I	0.4	0.1	0.2
J	2.5	0.3	0.7
K	3.2	0.5	1
L	4.8	0.8	1.5
M	1.6	0.1	0.4
N	8.4	1.7	3
ALL	100	100	100

Source- Periodic labour force supply survey (PFLS) & NSO.

Efforts Made by Government for Facilitating Reverse Migration.

To overcome the problem of people moving from one place to another in which they have to work away from home and family in difficult conditions. And also, more than half of their earnings are spent in adjusting to the environment there. In view of these problems, the government started various types of schemes so that people can work while staying near their homes.

Schemes Launched by Government of Bharat-

Garib Kalyan Rojgar Abhiyan (GKRA)- The Garib Kalyan Rojgar Abhiyaan (GKRA) was launched by government of Bharat on 20th June 2020, with a mission to address the challenges faced by returnee migrant workers to their home States. It will create livelihood opportunities for the reverse migrants. On the lines of the GKRA, Ministry of Skill Development & Entrepreneurship (MSDE) undertook demand driven skilling / orientation under Centrally Sponsored and Centrally Managed (CSCM) component of Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY 2.0) 2016-2020. GKRA under PMKVY CSCM-STT coverage was in 6 States namely Bihar, Assam, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh. Based on inputs received from district committee, targets under Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL) were allocated. RPL Training was implemented in 6 states i.e., Assam, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh Odisha, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. The RPL Project focused on certifying migrant workers who had experience in the same trade to obtain better employment opportunity within or outside the district. The aim of Garib Kalyan Rojgar Yojna is to provide immediate employment and livelihood opportunities so that the people who are returning to the villages could get a better environment at their home place. For this, the government focused on 25 projects in 6 states so that their income becomes better. The Abhiyaan achieved employment generation of 50.78 crore Person days with a total expenditure incurred of Rs. 39,293 crores. State-wise employment generated under the Garib Kalyan Rojgar Abhiyaan is given below.

State-wise employment generated under the Garib Kalyan Rojgar Abhiyaan
State	Employment Provided (In crore person days)
1. BIHAR	11.19
2. JHARKHAND	1.32
3. MADHYA PRADESH	9.99
4. ODISHA	2.30
5. RAJASTHAN	15.39
6. UTTAR PRADESH	10.58
TOTAL	50.78

SOURCE: Government of Bharat, Ministry of Rural Development

Year wise update of GKRA under PMKVY 2.0 as per SIP reports till 30-Jun-23

GKRA = GARIB KALYAN ROJGAR YOGNA

PMKVY 2.0 = PRADHAN MANTRI KAUSHAL VIKAS YOGNA

CSCM= Centrally Sponsored and Centrally Managed.

Scheme

Component

Training Type

Trained / Oriented

Certified

Reported Placed

PMKVY 2.0

CSCM

Short Term Training (STT)

FY-20-21

21,444

10,964

572

FY-21-22

66328

57257

28733

FY-22-23

5097

6320

Short Term Training (STT)

87772

73318

35625

Recognition of Prior learning (RPL)

FY-20-21

38,034

25,897

FY-21-22

4,178

FY-22-23

117

Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL) Total

38,034

30,192

STATE WISE UPDATE OF GKRA UNDER PMKY2.0 AS PER SIP

REPORTS TILL JUNE 30, 2023

Short Term Training (STT)			Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL)
TC State	Trained	Certified	Reported Placed	Oriented	Certified
Assam	1,105	921	526	504	271
Bihar	31,679	24,595	11,554	20,577	16,306
Madhya Pradesh	15,664	13,889	6,589	3,194	2,399
Odisha	1,804	1,526	530	892	450
Rajasthan	16,438	14,580	8,960	3,651	2,948
Uttar Pradesh	21,082	17,807	7,466	9,216	7,818
Total	87,772	73,318	35,625	38,034	30,192

Source- Source – Ministry of labor and employment.

Sector wise update of GKRA under PMKVY 2.0 as per SIP reports till 30-Jun-23
	Short Term Training (STT)			Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL)
	Short Term Training (STT)			Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL)

SECTOR	Trained	Certified	Reported Placed	Oriented	Certified
Aerospace and Aviation	120	118
Agriculture	618	505	158	1,062	701
Apparel	19,060	17,334	9,230	10,053	8,887
Automotive	1,650	1,375	523	1565	1377
Beauty and Wellness	2,189	1,493	579	220	114
Capital Goods	1,985	1,148	626	316	160
Construction	11,945	10,812	4,679	9,843	7,669
Domestic Workers	210	129	79	1,111	888
Electronics and Hardware	16,173	13,858	6,799	2,641	1,888
Food Processing	565	434	21	703	620
Furniture and Fittings	180	176	91	860	621
Green Jobs	360	348	151
Handicrafts and Carpet	360	335	271
Healthcare	1,750	1,343	106	420	260
Infrastructure Equipment	180	174
Iron and Steel	150	123		94	89
IT-ITeS	4,792	3,758	2,024	777	514
Life Sciences	964	754	619
Logistics	4,939	4,104	1,960	810	757
Management	650	521	249	264	134
Media and Entertainment	750	713	324	300	276
Mining	360	227
Plumbing	1,672	1,296	689	357	311
Power	1,200	1,142	884	257	197
Retail	7,555	5,464	3,105	3,240	2,369
Telecom	4,992	4,042	1,784	747	571
Tourism & Hospitality	2,403	1,592	674	2,394	1,789
Total	87,772	73,318	35,625	38,034	30,192

Source – – Ministry of labour and employment.

Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY 2.0)– Under the Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojna- government has made a lot of efforts in the last 4 years for the poor and returnee migrants which is commendable. they can a get a house to live properly. From the data given below we can see that the government has done a lot work under PMAY, which will benefit reverse migrants. under this scheme, the construction of houses is going on continuously in many states like west Bengal, Tripura, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, Odisha, Madya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Bihar, Assam. this work has been in full swing in almost every state of Bharat.

Seeing the houses being built, the people who used to work outside their homes and were engaged in improving the condition of their houses are now returning to their villages because they are getting a good house there, along with that they can also get employment by participating in the labour required for building those houses, which is a helpful work by the government.

House Completed During Financial Year

S.NO.	States	2019-20	2020-21	2021-22	2022-23	2023-24	2019-2024
1.0	Arunachal Pradesh	0.0%	0.1%	0.0%	0.2%	1.8%	0.1%
2.0	Assam	3.9%	3.9%	2.8%	17.5%	5.0%	8.6%
3.0	Bihar	17.7%	27.8%	12.0%	19.9%	10.3%	19.0%
4.0	Chhattisgarh	1.6%	1.8%	0.6%	0.6%	2.6%	1.0%
5.0	Goa	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
6.0	Gujarat	1.7%	1.5%	1.8%	1.1%	5.6%	1.6%
7.0	Haryana	0.3%	0.0%	0.0%	0.1%	0.0%	0.1%
8.0	Himachal Pradesh	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.1%	0.4%	0.5%
9.0	Jammu & Kashmir	0.2%	0.6%	1.0%	1.4%	0.8%	1.0%
10.0	Jharkhand	7.4%	6.9%	7.0%	6.3%	8.3%	6.8%
11.0	Kerala	0.0%	0.0%	0.1%	0.2%	0.7%	0.1%
12.0	Madhya Pradesh	12.8%	7.7%	14.3%	18.3%	18.0%	14.2%
13.0	Maharashtra	4.3%	5.4%	4.2%	6.0%	8.5%	5.2%
14.0	Manipur	0.1%	0.1%	0.1%	0.3%	0.0%	0.1%
15.0	Meghalaya	0.2%	0.2%	0.0%	0.1%	0.7%	0.2%
16.0	Mizoram	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.3%	0.0%
17.0	Nagaland	0.2%	0.0%	0.0%	0.6%	0.2%	0.1%
18.0	Odisha	17.0%	11.7%	2.3%	0.5%	1.0%	5.6%
19.0	Punjab	0.2%	0.1%	0.1%	0.2%	0.0%	0.1%
20.0	Rajasthan	7.8%	9.3%	3.3%	6.9%	2.2%	6.5%
21.0	Sikkim	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
22.0	Tamil Nadu	2.4%	1.5%	1.4%	3.0%	9.2%	2.3%
23.0	Tripura	0.3%	0.5%	0.0%	3.1%	1.7%	1.3%
24.0	Uttar Pradesh	8.2%	1.1%	25.8%	11.5%	11.9%	12.7%
25.0	Uttarakhand	0.0%	0.0%	0.1%	0.2%	1.5%	0.1%
26.0	West Bengal	13.4%	20.0%	22.6%	2.6%	1.4%	13.1%
27.0	Andaman and Nicobar Islands	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
28.0	Dadra & Nagar Haveli & Daman & Diu	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.1%	0.0%
29.0	Lakshadweep	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
30.0	Andhra Pradesh	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	1.9%	0.0%
31.0	Karnataka	0.3%	0.1%	0.3%	0.0%	6.1%	0.0%
32.0	Ladakh	0.1%	0.0%	0.0%	1.7%	0.0%	0.0%
Total		21,31,183	33,99,615	42,39,773	57,73,429	2,93,128	1,58,37,128

Source – Ministry of Rural Development.

Mahatma Gandhi National Employment Guarantee Act (MNREGA)- The initial budget estimate for MGNREGA in 2020-21 was ₹61,500 crore. As part of the stimulus package during the lockdown, an additional allocation of ₹40,000 crore was extended and in MGNREGA the employment provided in June 2020 witnessed a 92% y-o-y increase, which may be, inter alia, on account of jobs sought by migrant workers. It was seen that, over 16% of the reverse migrants, found work under the Mahatma Gandhi National Employment Guarantee Act (MNREGA). states such as Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal with high number of returnee migrants could bring down the unemployment rates by providing work under MGNREGA. Reports suggest that the scheme not only helped the unskilled workforce but also provided respite to the graduates and professional degree holders who lost their jobs in the cities and returned to villages. as per the reports of NABARD on Rural Pulse (2020-2021) A possible outcome of this (MGNREGA) could be the drastic decline in the rate of unemployment in the country. In the month of July 2020 national unemployment rate fell to 7.4% from its peak of 23.5% in April 2020. Rural unemployment specifically saw a significant drop to 6.5% from 22.9% during the same period (CMIE 2020).

National
Total No. of Districts				742
Total No. of Blocks				7205
Total No. of GPs				269108
JOBS CARD
Total No. of Job Cards issued [In Cr]				14.24
Total No. of Workers [In Cr]				24.92
Total No. of Active Job Cards [In Cr]				8.97
Total No. of Active Workers [In Cr]				12.95
SC worker against active workers [%]				19.77
ST worker against active workers [%]				16.58

Progress	FY 2024-2025	FY 2023-2024	FY 2022-2023		FY-2021-2022	FY-2020-2021
Approved Labour Budget [In Cr]	221.04	307.26	285.33		337.76	385.67
Person days of Central Liability so far [In Cr]	33.36	309.11	293.7		363.19	389.09
Average Wage rate per day per person (Rs.)	240.7	253.67	216.57		208.84	200.71
Women Person days out of Total (%)	55.74	58.89	57.47		54.82	53.19
Average days of employment provided per Household	21.02	52.09	47.83		50.07	51.52
Differently abled persons worked	195415	498275	504167		576250	606149

works
Number of GPs with NIL exp	53246	7286	5505		4797	6594
Number of Completed Works [In Lakhs]	8.63	84.22	94.45		89.96	84.35
Financial Progress
Percentage Utilization	56.21	102.14	96.83		98.63	93.97
Average Cost Per Day Per Person (In Rs.)	292.88	353.8	291.11		269.79	266.19
% Total Exp through eFMS	99.96	99.93	99.76		99.41	99.37
% payments generated within 15 days	99.79	98.3	92.5		96.54	96.18
Material %	22.38	26.95	32.68		27.19	27.48
Wages (in Cr)	11,793.24	74130.72	65266.08		75091.63	78016.86

Source – Ministry of Rural Development, Government of Bharat

PM SVANidhi- – For nano entrepreneurs, such as street vendors, started in June 2020 to offer collateral-free working capital loans of up to Rs 10,000 for one year to around 50 lakh street vendors in Bharat. The scheme has disbursed 7.72 lakh loan applications involving Rs 757.4 crore till November 17, 2020.

Key Vending Activities	Key Vending Activities
Fruits and Vegetables	46%
Fast food & Food Items	21%
Cloth & Handloom Items	13%
Beauty & Fashion Accessories	5%
Services	4%

Share of Men Applicants: 59%

Share of Women Applicants: 41%

Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana- It was launched benefitting around 80 Crore NFSA beneficiaries with an additional quota of free-of-cost foodgrains (Rice/Wheat) at a scale of 5 Kg per person per month, over and above their regular monthly entitlements under NFSA. The Policy is still being implemented till now.

Various Projects for rural development that are currently underway or will come in the future.

the Union Government has already allocated in the current budget for many infrastructure development projects under the Central Sector Schemes, such as Road Works, Metro Projects, Construction Works for Army, Track Renewals etc. to the tune of Rs. 48759.13 crore, Rs.17482 crore, Rs. 6061.67 crore and Rs. 10599.47 crore respectively, along with works under National Highways Authority of Bharat, which have an allocation of Rs. 42500 crores in the same budget. This will serve the twin objective of creating infrastructure that improves productivity as well as provide spending power to low-skilled workers affected by the lockdown. Along with these policies there are other factors that leads to reverse migration.

According to reports of PM Formalization of Micro Food Processing Enterprises (PM FME) scheme was launched on 29th June 2020. The Scheme is expected to generate total investment of Rs 35,000 crore and generate 9 lakh skilled and semi-skilled employment opportunities and benefitting 8 lakh units through access to information, training, and formalization. This scheme is currently being implemented in 35states and union territories. In the country, this scheme envisages financial support of Rs 40000 for working capital and purchase of small tools for each member of Self-Help Group (SHG) engaged in food processing activities. Over 1 lakh SHG members have been identified and the seed capital amount of Rs. 203cr. has been released so far.

According to report of ministry of food processing industries published on 9^th November 2021 micro food Processing enterprises contribute 74% to employment in food processing

66% of microenterprises are located in rural areas.
80% of micro enterprises are family based.

Along with these special announcements government has tried to attract reverse migrants by providing the funds and schemes in the sector of fisheries according to report of FICCI 2020 the government has announced the scheme named as Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY). The motto of this Scheme to bring a Blue Revolution through sustainable and responsible development of fisheries sector

in Bharat with highest ever investment of Rs. 20,050 crores in fisheries sector comprising of Central share of Rs. 9,407 crore, State share of Rs 4,880 crore and Beneficiaries contribution of Rs. 5,763 crores. This scheme will be implemented for 5 years from FY 2020-21 to FY 2024-25 in all states and union territories.

Proposals from 21 states have been sanctioned. According to Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying Government of Bharat the impact is to generate of about 15 lakhs direct gainful employment opportunities and thrice the number as indirect employment opportunities along the supply and value chain also Double export earnings from the present Rs.46,589 crore (2018-19) to about Rs.1,00,000 crore by 2024-25.

REASONS OF REVERSE MIGRATION-

Push and pull factors are the major reasons for reverse migration. The pull factors include infrastructure development in rural areas , policies of government in which the government is making a lot of efforts so that maximum number of people get employment near their villages and cities. The pull factors include the big families, social insecurity, cost of living and food being very high if one lives in a city far from home, due to which a migrant is not able to support his family much and does not get any kind of social security if he lives outside etc.

Reports Surveyed by the NABARD for the reasons of reverse migration-

As Per the survey conducted by NABARD 25% people want to stay back to their home place and they gave the following reasons for that-

REASONS FOR REVERSE MIGRATION	% OF PEOPLE
Lack of livelihood opportunities in Bharat	13%
Family/School going Children in Village	6%
Possession of multiple skills that can be used in the village	5%
Ownership of landed asset/livestock	3%

IMPACT OF REVERSE MIGRATION-

Unemployment Rate-

Unemployment Rate (UR) status for person of age 15 years and above in All Bharat.

YEARS	WPR	LFPR	UR
2017-18	46.8	49.8	6
2018-19	47.3	50.2	5.8
2019-20	50.9	53.5	4.8
2020-21	52.6	54.9	4.2
2021-22	52.9	55.2	4.1

As we can see, due to increase in labour force and worker population, our unemployment rate has been Decreasing year after year. This is proof that migrants who have returned to their homes through reverse Migration have got employment in some form or other, which has helped them to move forward

Source- PLFS.

Bharat Poverty Rate

YEAR	% Under US $ 5.50 Per Day	Change
2022	0.00%	-81.80%
2021	81.80%	-1.20%
2020	83.00%	2.30%
2019	80.70%	-2.00%
2018	82.70%	-2.70%

From the above table, we can see that our poverty rate is continuously decreasing but suddenly in 2020 Due to the covid, it increased by 2.30% but still, after the reverse migrants reached their respective places. They got a good living due to the employment they got, due t0o which the poverty rate has been continuously decreasing since 2020 and this proves that even after the reverse migrants reach their place of origin, the poverty rate is falling because the reverse migrants are getting good employment due to Which they are able to eat a full meal and live a good life also government has done a commendable work to control the poverty rate.

Source- Macrotrends.

Bharat GDP Per Capita Income

Year	GDP Per Capita (US $)	Annual Growth Rate (%)
2022	$2411	7.72%
2021	$2238	16.98%
2020	$1913	-6.68%
2019	$2050	3.84%
2018	$1974	0.84%

As we can see from the table above, our country’s Per Capita Income was increasing gradually till 2019, But in 2020, due to COVID, Per Capita Income went from 3.84 % to -6.84% directly, which affected the Economy a lot, but after this our economy picked up pace and in the year 2021, there was a direct jump Of 16.98% in the Per Capita Income, which shows that the reverse migration caused by COVID has some Where contributed to this increasement. And since 2021, it is increasing at a normal pace.

Source – Macrotrends.

Suggestions and Conclusions:- In Bharat, travelling from one place to another is a common thing. When a person does not get the necessary facilities at his native place like employment, house to live, food to eat and good school for children to study, he starts thinking that he will get these facilities in the city far away from home, so he leaves that place and goes far away to get these facilities, which is correct to a large extent, but when he reaches the far away cities and realizes that he will have to work in difficult conditions there, he will not get any health security, social security at the place where he will work, he will just be made to work like a machine, neither will he get a house to live in nor any facility and whatever money he will earn, 70% of it will be spent in adjusting to the environment there, and from the remaining salary he has to send to his home for which he came to the city. Keeping all these things in mind, the person gets very upset and to solve this problem, the government took a step and they tried to provide employment to these migrants near their homes, good schools for children, hospitals, launched various types of schemes to encourage these migrants to come to their original residence, these schemes supported the migrants a lot but there is still a need for a lot of improvement in it.

GKRA scheme was only for 116 districts of six states for 120 days only. it was discriminatory in the states such as Chhattisgarh and West Bengal. states like Odisha and Jharkhand with large migrants’ workers got less allocation in terms of number of districts. If this scheme reached all the districts of as many states as possible, it would be more beneficial as the returning migrants would get assured employment. After this, MGNREGA, which helped the migrants a lot during the time of COVID-19, but there is a need to improve it to a great extent. There is a need to increase the honorarium currently being given under MGNREGA, and there is a need to increase the number of employment days in it, because after 100 days of employment, a person has to face difficulties in running the expenses of the whole year from this income due to he thinks again to go back cities for rest of days of the year. Along with these schemes, the government should work on better employment and better health related schemes in rural areas. At the same time, we should encourage and help small scale entrepreneurs so that they can grow and rural development can also take place.

Along with these government can give soft loans so that return migrants can start their business with proper management, provide better health facilities and job opportunities, education and social securities in rural areas also ,can work on strengthening Rural Markets, Skill building in Rural Areas, investment but not subsidies, balancing diversification and specialisation, innovation in the context of Rural Areas, innovative governance models there are factors that so beneficials for rural developments and for migrants these steps would give them so much assurance to work near to home. Along with these we can learn from Zoho Corporation by bringing high paying jobs to small towns so that people will involve in good manner because people want to stay close to the ones they love, invest in a home of their own, cut down on travel costs, and stay out of debt, increase the economic welfare and stability in the society.

References

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The COVID-19 Pandemic and Internal Labour Migration in Bharat: A ‘Crisis of Mobility’ S. Irudaya Rajan,¹ P. Sivakumar,² and Aditya Srinivasan¹ DOI: 10.1007/s41027-020-00293-8.