MAJOR EXPORTS OF ANCIENT INDIA (TRENDS AND DIRECTIONS)

Mr. Nishant Chaturvedi

Abstract – Ancient India was famous for its wealth and prosperity. India is fortunate to have the Himalayas in the north and the sea to the south. The sea has facilitated business connections with other continents. In ancient times, India was the top exporter of silk, cotton, sugar, and precious stones.

Additionally, India exported spices to the West via the spice route, receiving gold and silver from other countries. However, with the onset of the Industrial Revolution in the West, Indian trade prosperity declined. Trade and commerce have been crucial in shaping India’s economy. Archaeological evidence shows that both land and sea trade played a crucial role in the growth of India’s

economy. India was once the world’s leading business hub, with commercial cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro thriving. In ancient times, India

established strong trade relationships with countries such as Mesopotamia, exchanging goods like gold, silver, terracotta pots, precious stones, and pearls. Between the 1st and 17th centuries AD, India was the largest economy in the ancient and medieval world. India’s contribution to the world’s GDP was 30-33

%. India controlled one-third to one-fourth of the world’s wealth. This paper analyzes India’s Trade Policy and Management during ancient times.

Introduction – One of the countries with a rich and varied history is Bharat, which has greatly influenced the entire economic landscape of the world,

especially in the very early times. The contribution of India to the economy during that point was through many sectors such as trading, manufacturing, and the export of goods, thus promoting cultural exchange. Looking at India’s

economic influence in ancient times offers an understanding of the relationship between different civilizations as well as the development of global trade

routes. India’s goods were highly pursued in the ancient world, contributing significantly to India’s economic expertise. India’s trade included a wide range of products such as spices, luxury goods, textiles, and dyes, as well as metals and minerals. Indian spices, especially black pepper and ginger, started being used for medicines; there was a demand for them all over the world. India

established successful trade relations with foreign areas through the seas and land routes. In ancient times, trade was the backbone of India’s economic

structure. Ancient India was a major center of trade and commerce, exporting and importing goods on a massive scale with overseas regions. This trade

remarkably elevated its economy and enriched its character for wealth and prosperity. Adept at various crafts and blessed with natural resources, India was a major player in global trade routes.

History of Trade of Ancient India-

Ancient India was an effective center of trade due to its strategic geographical location and abundance of natural resources. India was famous for its trade from the beginning. In ancient India back to Harappan Civilization (3300 BC) India used to trade with Mesopotamia and Egypt etc. Under the Maurya Empire, especially during the Presence of Ashoka, trade was booming as their economy was so stable and systematic.

The Significance of Trade in Ancient India-

Trade played a vital role in Ancient India, greatly influencing and shaping its economy, society, and culture. The importance of trade in Ancient India

enclosed various aspects.

Economic Growth- Trade acted as an impetus for economic growth by bracing the commercial activities. It promoted the circulation of goods,

resources, and wealth with neighbors and even beyond, thereby contributing to the strong development of urban centers and the flourishing of a prosperous merchant class.

Exchange of Goods– A noteworthy aspect of trade in ancient India was its ability to facilitate to exchange the wide range of goods. The region was

esteemed for its production of highly desired-after commodities such as spices, luxury goods, textiles, dyes, metals, and minerals. These goods were highly

demanded within and outside the borders and contributed significantly to the economic prosperity of Ancient India.

Cultural Exchange- Trade played a vital role in cherishing the cultural exchange between ancient India and other regions. Beyond the tangible exchange of goods, traders also brought with them ideas, knowledge, and customs, which greatly enhanced the fabric of ancient Indian Society. This continuous adaptation of foreign impact further added to the cultural vibrancy of the region.

Diplomatic Relations- Trade played a vital role not just in boosting the

economy but also in fostering diplomatic relations. It served as a key platform for forming alliances, negotiating treaties, and encouraging cooperation among various regions. The exchange of goods through trade created opportunities for diplomacy and peaceful interactions, contributing to maintaining harmonious relationships.

Developments of Trade Routes-. The initiation and development of trade routes were vital in ensuring trade success in ancient India. Leading routes such as the Silk Road and maritime pathways efficiently connected India with various regions, facilitating the smooth flow of goods and ideas. These trade routes not only encouraged Indian impact but also strengthened India’s status as a key

economic power during that time.

Major Trade routes in Ancient India-

Ancient India, for one, made effective use of its trade routes and networks,

which were expansive and complex connections, as indispensable factors in the carrying out of economic exchanges on the territory of the state. Not only was trade established between the comprehensive areas, but it also acted as a channel for the transfer of not just material items but also thoughts and processes of civilization.

Central Location- Ancient India’s auspicious geographical location made it an important crossroads for trade between the East and the West. Situated along

important land and sea routes, the country served as a dominant hub for global commerce.

Silk Road- The Silk Road connected India with Central Asia, the

Mediterranean, and Europe. This substantial network enabled the exchange of various goods such as silk, spices, gemstones, and precious metals.

Maritime Routes- Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea were the two ways in which Indian merchants engaged in maritime trade. They navigated to Southeast Asia, China, Africa, and the Middle East, fostering trade and

establishing commercial settlements through the exchange of goods.

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Indian Manufacture Goods and Exports-

Indian Goods and Exports have left an indelible mark on the world throughout ancient times. From the charismatic spices and luxurious goods to the finely woven textiles and vibrant dyes, India’s exports were highly desired. Not only did India’s trade extend to fascinating goods, but also encompassed valuable metals and minerals. Brace yourself as we delve into the fascinating world

of Indian Goods and Exports, where we uncover the treasures that shaped global economies and captivated civilizations.

Spices and Luxury Goods-

In ancient India, Spices and luxury goods held a huge significance in

international trade markets. The mesmerizing aroma of these special spices and condiments attracted buyers from all over the world. Traders from

different parts of the world highly rated spices like pepper, cardamom,

cinnamon, saffron nutmeg, cloves, and turmeric. These spices not only lifted the taste of food but also had medicinal properties and were utilized in

perfumes and dyes.

Pepper- Pepper, known as the “King of Spices,” originated in Kerala and was highly valued. It was even treated as a form of currency and was traded to Egypt, Rome, and other parts of the ancient world. Cardamom, cultivated in the Western Ghats and Tamil Nadu, was revered for its mesmerizing fragrance and medicinal benefits.

Cinnamon, another spice hailing from Kerala, was greatly valued for its amazing aroma and flavor. Saffron grown in Kashmir was considered a precious and luxurious spice that was used in both cooking and medicines.

Nutmeg was also found in Kerala, and used in Perfumes, medicines, and

culinary creations. Cloves, another spice from a native of Kerala, were used in medicines and had a good aroma.

Turmeric, native to India, was used not just as a spice but also as a natural dye. It was widely utilized in cooking and highly valued for its medicinal

benefits.

The trade of these spices and luxury goods brought substantial wealth to

ancient India, consolidating its economic influence worldwide. These important commodities were highly desired and promoted cultural and religious exchange between India and other civilizations.

Silk and Textile Industry-

Ancient India had a prosperous Textile and Silk Industry that played a vital role in trade and economy. The Production of silk and textiles was positioned within the rich cultural curtain of the time, with a deep acknowledgment of

craftsmanship creativity, and endeavor.

The Production of Silk was highly appreciated in Ancient India, displaying the proficiency the skills of its artisans. In Ancient India, Sericulture and Cultivation of silk-producing insects was a noticeable practice, which was the main reason for the high quality of silk production. Various parts of India, such as Kashmir, Gujrat, and Bengal were famous for their silk production, which led to the country’s reputation as a major silk exporter. The affluence and unique quality

of this industry made it renowned domestically and internationally as a thriving trade industry.

Cotton – Ancient Indians were excellent cotton producers, excelling in

cultivation and producing this universal fiber. They spun cotton into threads, and through complex weaving techniques, created elegant textiles.

Wool – Along with cotton and wool was another prominent textile produced in ancient India. Woolen textiles were famous for warmth, longevity, and complex design.

Silk – Indian silk was renowned for its unmatchable quality and excellent production. India’s skillful weavers made it highly recognized by making

different kinds of uses. It was considered a symbol of luxury and was highly demanded in foreign markets.

Metals and Minerals

Metals and minerals played a vital role in the ancient economy of India. The rich sources and skilled craftsmanship of ancient India were known

everywhere. The production and trade of metals and minerals shaped the economy.

Different metals and minerals held importance and were used for various purposes. Copper was significant for making tools, weapons, utensils, and

coins, primarily traded in Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh. Iron was essential for weapons, tools, and construction materials, with trade routes extending

through Chhattisgarh, Odisha, and Bihar.

Gold was an item that found its use in various fields such as jewelry, religious articles, and currency. It was exchanged between the wholesalers of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Jharkhand. Silver, which was used a lot in the production of jewelry, coins, and utensils, had its trade routes through Rajasthan, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh. Lead was the primary requirement for the construction of pipes, buildings, and making of mixtures. It was mostly being

traded in Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh. Finally, the value of items like salt was such that people found it convenient to use it not only for the preservation of food, and seasoning but also to barter with it. it was Gupta and Rajasthan were known for their trade routes.

Not only did Ancient India produce metals and minerals but it was also the one to distribute them. The demand for their products, to meet which there was

large trading and cultural interaction between adjacent areas and areas distant,

was very great, and their status was that of major participants in the global economy.

Precious Gemstones-

India has a top history of producing and trading gemstones and metals, which were highly demanded in ancient times. These valuable commodities played an important role in the Indus Valley civilization’s economic prosperity and cultural development.

Precious Gemstones: – Rubies: –

These elegant red gemstones were one of India’s most precious exports. Known for their color and uniqueness, Indian rubies were highly wanted by ancient civilizations across the globe. They were mostly traded with kingdoms in the Middle East, Europe, and China.

Sapphires: –

India was famous for its production of charming blue sapphires. These

gemstones were highly rated for their beauty and durability. Indian sapphires were traded widely with civilizations in the Mediterranean region, southeast Asia, and beyond.

Emeralds: –

The lush green emeralds found in India were desired by rulers and nobility throughout history. Prized for their delightful color and brilliance, Indian

emeralds were exported to various destinations, including Egypt, Rome, and Persia.

Precious Metals: –

Gold- India’s abundance of gold deposits made it a prime exporter of this

precious metal. With its rich color and durability, Indian gold was highly rated in ancient civilizations. It was mostly traded with kingdoms in the Middle East, Southeast Asia, and Europe.

Silver- Indian silver was renowned for its purity, durability, and quality. It was exported to various parts including central Asia, the Mediterranean, and East Asia.

Perfumes and Oil: –

Indian perfumes and oil were known for their high qualities of fragrances.

Ancient Indians were too good at extracting scents from flowers, herbs, and other natural sources to create perfumes and oils with enchanting aromas.

Varied Types of Wood Traded by Ancient India:

Sandalwood, celebrated for its fragrant aroma, was in high demand for making perfumes, religious items, and fine wooden crafts. Teak, recognized for its

strength and decay resistance, was highly valued in shipbuilding, furniture production, and construction. Ebony, with its rich black color and smooth finish, was preferred for creating luxurious objects, musical instruments, and detailed carvings. Rosewood appreciated for its reddish-brown shade and unique grain, was commonly used in crafting furniture, cabinets, and various handicrafts.

Agricultural Products: Feeding A Growing Economy

Agriculture was essential to the ancient Indian economy, significantly

contributing to its growth and prosperity. The presence of fertile land and a favorable climate enabled the civilization to flourish agriculturally.

One of the key roles of agriculture was sustaining the economy. It provided a reliable food supply for the growing population and supported trade and

commerce development. Ancient India was renowned for its diverse

agricultural products, including staple crops like rice, which served as both a

dietary essential and a valuable trade commodity. Spices such as black pepper, cardamom, and cinnamon enriched local and international cuisines, while cotton emerged as a vital product for the textile industry.

Trade routes and networks further enhanced the significance of agriculture, allowing for the exchange of goods both within the Indian subcontinent and with neighboring regions. Flourishing trade routes, like the Silk Road and maritime paths connecting India to Southeast Asia, facilitated this exchange.

The success of agricultural trade in ancient India can be attributed to advanced farming techniques. Ingenious irrigation systems, including canals and dams,

improved cultivation in various environments. Farmers practiced crop rotation, which helped maintain soil fertility and maximize yields. Organic farming

methods, utilizing natural fertilizers like cow dung and compost, were common, promoting sustainability and high-quality crop production.

Together, favorable geographical conditions, a variety of agricultural products, and innovative farming techniques established ancient India as a significant center for agricultural trade, playing a crucial role in the civilization’s growth and prosperity.

Major Trade Centres in Ancient India-

*Peshawar- Peshawar was the center for wool. In commercial transactions with China, India, Rome, Peshawar had a huge share in the first Century.

*Pataliputra- Pataliputra is also known as Patna today. It was a prime center for exporting stones. It was one of the world’s largest cities, with around 150,000 to 400,000 population. The capital city in the Maurayan empire was Pataliputra.

*Taxila- Taxila was a vital center on the key land route between India and

Central Asia. It was known as a city of commercial and financial banks. Buddhist Monks absorbed this city as a center of learning.

*Mathura- Mathura was a trade market, The People of Mathura belonged to commerce, they were so good in commerce. Many land routes and lines from south India touched Broach and Mathura.

*Indraprastha- Indraprastha was a trading junction located on the royal road.

Most of the routes covering north, south, west, and east were connected to this commercial junction.

*Mithila- Mithila was famous for its rich cultural heritage, particularly in its arts, paintings, dance, and literature. In Mithila, traders came and crossed the sea by using boats. They traveled through the Bay of Bengal to the South China Sea. The traders of Mithila engaged in trade with the ports located on the

islands of Sumatra, Java, and Borneo. Additionally, Mithila had developed trading links with South China and Yunnan.

*Varanasi- Varanasi was a major center of the textile industry. This place became famous for the fine quality of sandalwood, gold, and silk clothes.

Varanasi had relations with Taxila and Bharuch. It was a very awesome place to live in. Varanasi had connections with Taxila and Bharuch.

*Ujjain- In ancient India, traders export muslin cloth, mallow, carnelian, and agate to the various centers. Ujjain had good trade connections with Peshawar and Taxila through the land routes.

*Kanchi- This city was famous for glasses, precious stones and pearls. In this city, the Chinese used to come by ship to buy these goods. Today Kanchi is

known as Kanchipuram.

*Surat- Surat was a key point of Western trade during the Mughal Period. It was famous for textiles. In Surat, Textiles were famous for gold borders (Zari). It must be noticed that Surat hundi was recognized in the distant markets of Iran and Egypt.

*Madura- it was capital of Pandyas. These Pandyas controlled the Gulf of Mannar’s Pearl fisheries. Madura always attracted foreign traders, especially Romans. Since the Romans were commonly involved in international trade.

*Kaveri Patti- Kaveri Patti was built using scientific construction. This city provided excellent logistical opportunities such as efficient loading and

unloading facilities. Along with that most of the foreign trader’s headquarters were in this city. This city was a suitable place for Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Far East as well as China. Furthermore, Kaveripatti was a major trading center for cosmetics, perfumes, silk, scents, cotton, wool, pearls, precious stones as well as gold. This city was also for shipbuilding.

*Broach- In western India, Broach was a valuable place of commerce. The

river Narmada banks this town. apart from this, this city had good connectivity with the roadways for easy access to important towns.

*Tamralipti- Tamralipti was an important port of ancient India. this port was linked by land and sea with the far east and west. From Banaras to Taxila, this city had road connectivity.

Influence of Indian Economy on the World: –

The economic expertise in ancient times had a great influence on the world, extending far beyond its borders. Discover how this powerful economy shaped the course the history through the spread of Indian influence and the profound cultural and religious exchange that transpired.

Spread of Indian Influence: –

The spread of Indian influence in ancient times had a huge impact on culture, religion, trade, and technology. Indian customs, traditions, and practices were adopted through cultural exchange with the surrounding region. The

understanding was particularly evident in Southeast Asia, where Indian concepts of governance, religion, art, and architecture became deeply ingrained.

Indian religions, such as Buddhism and Hinduism, had an immense influence on the religious landscape of many regions. Indian missionaries and scholars

played a vital role in circulating these teachings, leading to the establishment of temples, monasteries, and educational institutions throughout Asia.

Indian merchants played a crucial role in the ancient global trading network, simplifying the exchange of goods and ideas. The spread of Indian impact occurred through trading routes like the Silk Road and the Spice Route, connecting India with the Mediterranean, East Asia, and Africa. Indian

products, including spices, textiles, and precious stones, were well sought after and utterly traded.

Ancient India made important contributions to mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and metallurgy. Indian mathematical concepts, such as such as the decimal system and the concept of zero, revolutionized numerical

calculations in other civilizations. Indian medical knowledge, like Ayurveda, also had a huge influence and was adopted in various parts of the world.

Indian scholars captivated students and intellectuals from various regions, promoting cross-cultural learning. Universities and centers of learning in India, like Nalanda and Taxila, perform as magnets for scholars who helped spread Indian knowledge and wisdom.

Indian architectural styles, characterized by tangled carvings and elaborate temple structures, spread to Southeast Asia, influencing temple and monument design and construction in those regions.

The dissemination of Indian impact in ancient times had a lasting impact on societies and played a vital role in shaping the development of civilizations. Through cultural exchange, trade, and intellectual interactions, India connected and enhanced the world. Even in modern times, the impact of ancient India continues to resonate, underscoring the significance of Indian influence in shaping global history.

Cultural and Religious Exchange-

During ancient times, India had a huge impact on the world through cultural and religious exchange. This exchange encouraged understanding and connections between civilizations and influenced various aspects of society.

Ideas and Beliefs: Cultural and religious exchanges enabled the sharing of ideas and beliefs between India and various regions. Interactions along trade

routes facilitated the spread of Buddhism, which was embraced in many parts of Asia.

Art and Architecture: The sharing of artistic styles and architectural

methods significantly shaped the evolution of various artistic traditions. Indian motifs, including detailed carvings and sculptural designs, are present in

structures throughout Southeast Asia, highlighting these cultural influences.

Language and Literature: The exchange of knowledge and ideas impact the literary traditions of different regions. Indian epics like the Ramayana and

Mahabharata were translated into various languages, to advertise Indian stories and philosophies.

Food and Cuisine: Cultural and religious exchange played a vital role in spreading Indian spices and culinary traditions globally. The introduction of spices like pepper, cinnamon, and cardamom transformed global cuisine and led to fusion in culinary traditions.

Major Employment Sources in Ancient India-

The jobs in Ancient India were diverse, reflecting the varied cultures and

lifestyles of the region. Major occupations included farming, craftsmanship, pottery, jewelry making, weaving, and fishing. Other professionals were

soldiers, astrologers, doctors, teachers, and religious priests.

In ancient India, most people were involved in agriculture. The fertile plains of the Indus and Ganges rivers supplied the essential resources for a thriving farming community.

Farmers cultivated various crops, including grains such as wheat and barley, as well as spices like black pepper and mustard. Furthermore, craftsmanship and trade were important sectors, showcasing the region’s skilled labor and vibrant economy.

Top 10 Job Titles in Ancient India-

Farmers in ancient India were crucial, providing food for the entire population. They grew a diverse array of crops, including wheat, rice, and pulses.

Potters produced different kinds of pots used for multiple purposes like cooking, storing grain, and carrying water.

Weavers Weaving was a main occupation in ancient India. Weavers produced different types of clothes using different materials such as cotton, silk, and wool.

Blacksmith Blacksmiths in ancient India played a key role in producing tools, weapons, and various iron artifacts that were utilized by artisans and warriors alike.

Goldsmith Goldsmiths fashioned ornaments and other items from gold. They were highly honored due to the precious nature of the metal they worked with.

Carpenter- Carpenters built houses, furniture, and various other items from wood. They also supported the construction of temples and palaces.

Barber Barbers in ancient India did not only cut hair, but they also accomplished minor surgeries and medical procedures.

Merchant Merchants were engaged in trade and commerce. They played an important role in the local and long-distance trade of goods and commodities.

Teacher In ancient India, teachers, who are commonly referred to as Gurus (also known as “Gurus”), were the providers of education to students. They taught different kinds of subjects like philosophy, arts, science, and warfare.

Priest Priests performed religious rituals and ceremonies. They were also liable for maintaining the moral and spiritual well-being of the society.

Trends and Export During Mauryan Times:

During the Mauryan Empire, India was well known for its best-quality of Textiles, Producing fine fabrics that were traded both domestically and

internationally. The spices including black pepper, turmeric, and cardamom were highly valued in international trade and played a vital role in ancient

spices trade networks. Furthermore, India exported a variety of gems and best- crafted jewelry, which were highly rated in various regions. The Maurya Period also saw the production of important metal goods, such as tools of irons and weapons, which were important for internal use and trade. these weapons

were demanded by different countries. Moreover, India exported a huge range of agricultural products, including fine-quality grains, pulses, and oils, essential for domestic consumption and international trade.

During the Mauryan Empire, India’s trade network was comprehensive,

featuring overland routes like the Silk Road that connected it with Central Asia and the Middle East, facilitating the exchange of goods and culture. The maritime route was equally important connecting India with the Arabian Sea and Serving as a center for trade with the Roman Empire, South East Asia, and Africa. The empire’s best economic policies and infrastructure, including well- maintained roads and easy trade routes, encouraged integration across its

regions and supported trade within and beyond its borders. This period also saw industrialization, with the growth of urban centers and marketplaces

playing an important role in trade and economic activities. Furthermore, the Mauryan Empire engaged in diplomatic trade relations with foreign powers such as the Greeks and Persians, further enhancing trade and cultural exchange.

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Decline of Indian Economic Influence-

Once a dominant force in global trade, India experienced a decline in its

economic influence that reshaped the dynamics of commerce. Unraveling the factors that contributed to this decline and understanding the subsequent shifts in global trade holds immense significance.

Factors Leading to Decline-

The decline of Indian economic impact in ancient times can be attributed to various factors. These factors, namely political instability, foreign invasions, shifts in global trade patterns, and the rise of rival powers in the region,

collectively led to the decline of India’s economic impact.

Political instability in ancient India weakened its stability, contrasting economic growth and disrupting trade networks. proportionately, India’s economic

impact declined.

Foreign invasions by powers like the Greeks, Persians, Huns, and Islamic

dynasties significantly influenced India’s economy. Invasions by foreign powers such as the Greeks, Persians, Huns, and Islamic dynasties had a profound effect on India’s economy.

The shift in global trade patterns during the medieval period significantly contributed to India’s economic decline. As maritime routes gained

prominence and new sea paths to India were discovered, the traditional Silk Road routes were increasingly neglected, leading to a decrease in India’s role in international trade.

Additionally, the rise of competing powers like the Gupta and Maurya Empires

intensified competition for resources and trade routes. These empires aimed to establish control over trade networks, further weakening ancient India’s

economic influence.

Together, these factors led to a decline in India’s economic prominence during that era. However, it’s essential to recognize that India’s historical economic

impact was substantial, playing a crucial role in shaping global trade, cultural exchanges, and the evolution of economic theories and practices.

Trends and Exports During Mughals Times:

The Mughal Empire’s economy skilfulness and enlightened infrastructure

played an important role in shaping the Indian subcontinent’s history. Mughal India’s economy has been described as a form of proto-industrialization, and it was an inspiration to 18th-century industrialists. It was described as large and prosperous. India was producing about 28% world’s industrial output up until the 18th century with significant exports in textiles, shipbuilding, and steel,

driving a strong economy. The advent of the 17th century saw a larger and broader economic expansion take place within the Mughal territories, which outpaced the Qing Dynasty and Europe. The share of the world’s economy

grew from 22.7% in 1600, which at the end of the 16th century, has surpassed China to become the world’s largest GDP. The Bengal Surah, the wealthiest province alone has contributed 12% of the GDP and major hub for industries, contributing significantly to global trade and European imports, particularly in textiles and shipbuilding.

Industrial Manufacturing: –

Up till 1750, India used to produce 25% of the world’s industrial output, with

important Industries including textiles, shipbuilding, and steel. The main export of this industry in Mughal India was processed goods like cotton textiles, silk, and food products. The demand for Indian products especially textiles and

spices in Europe was very high. Mughal India was supplying, 95% of British Imports from Asia and 40% of Dutch imports. The trade was extremely

imbalanced, leading Europeans to export large amounts of gold and silver to pay for Indian goods. Other than this Indian exports also arrived in other Asian Markets, including Indonesia and Japan.

Textile Industry: –

The largest manufacturing industry in this Empire was the textile manufacturing Industry, especially cotton textile manufacturing, which

included the production of piece goods, muslin, and calicos available in various colors and unbleached. The cotton textile industry was accountable for a large part of an empire’s international trade. In the early 18th century, India held a

25% share of the global textile trade. Indian cotton textiles were among the most crucial manufactured goods in international commerce, reaching consumers from the Americas to Japan. By this time, Mughal Indian textiles were being worn across the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, Europe, the Americas, Africa, and the Middle East.

Bengal was responsible for more than 50% of textiles and 80% of silk imported by Dutch from the Asia. Bengali silk and cotton are widely exported to Europe, Indonesia, and Japan. While Dhaka’s muslin textiles were traded in Central Asia. In the early 18^th century, Indian calicos were dominant in Europe, and Indian Textiles represented 20% of total English trade with Southern Europe at the time.

Shipbuilding Industry: –

A broad shipbuilding industry was one of the significant presences of the Mughals, and its main center was in Bengal Province. As per the famous

economics historian Indrajeet Ray Estimates shipbuilding in Bengal during the 16^th and 17^th centuries was about 223,250 tons annually, compared with 23,061 tons produced in 19 colonies in North America from 1769 to 1771. He also assessed that ship repair in Bengal was very advanced.

Trade Contribution to GDP:

From the 1st to the 17th century, trade played a crucial role in shaping India’s economy, complementing key sectors such as agriculture and craftsmanship.

Both domestic and international trade were integral, with the country engaging in widespread exchanges via land and sea routes. Over the centuries, the

contribution of trade to India’s GDP varied, often impacted by political

upheavals, invasions, and broader global economic trends. India experienced a massive trade network that was the key to the elevation of its economy during this time and made it the most affluent one in the world because the demand for Indian luxury commodities, spices, and textiles drove the export activities

into the international markets.

Source – Angus Maddison Book and .https://historyrise.com/s

1st to 7th Century

During this time, trade was a significant portion of India’s GDP, with external trade potentially contributing around 10-15% of the overall economy, particularly in prosperous regions such as the southern kingdoms (e.g., the Chera and Pandya dynasties) and along the northwestern trade routes.

8th to 12th Century:

Commerce in this era had an impact on 10-20% of India’s GDP. Global trade thrived because of better sea routes and growing needs from areas like the Middle East and East Africa.

13th to 17th Century:

Trade had an impact on GDP during the Mughal era accounting for 15-25% of it. This was due to growing worldwide interest in Indian products textiles and spices. The riches of the Mughal Empire came from both farming and trading.

Places like Surat and Bengal turned into important hubs for international business.

Manufacturing Sector’s Contribution to GDP:

From the 1st century through the 17th century, craftsmanship and artisanal production were vital to India’s economy. The country gained worldwide

recognition for its skill in producing fine textiles, metalwork, jewelry, pottery, and other handcrafted goods. Over time, the contribution of this sector to

India’s GDP shifted, often intersecting with both trade and agriculture, as it was deeply integrated into both domestic and international markets.

Source- Angus Maddison and .https://historyrise.com/s

1st to 7th Century:

Manufacturing was more likely to have accounted for 15-25% of GDP during this time since this is when the Indian economy was laden with skilled crafts and an assortment of goods was being through mutual consumption and

international trade.

8th to 12th Century:

Manufacturing substantially probably increased its share of GDP during the 8th to 12th centuries, from about 20.30% up to an estimated 40%, but it is unclear when production broke tare in which textiles and metals continued being dominant Product manufacturing likely expanded significantly as a of total output already years ago with substantial ongoing growth.

13th to 17th Century:

Manufacturing accounted for 25–35 percent of GDP during the Mughal period, primarily as a consequence of international demand for Indian textiles and handicrafts, but also because of extraordinarily wealthy domestic markets.

Shifts in Global Trade:

During the 16th century, there were drastic changes in global trade. This was because global trade stretched, and as a result, new trading routes emerged. The Silk Road, which was previously a dominant trade route, began to lose its glory. However, the sea routes, such as the Spice Route, became more and more popular.

Advancements in navigation technology played a crucial role in the growth of maritime trade. Indian traders took advantage of these advancements and began venturing into the Indian Ocean. They established trade networks with regions such as East Africa, Southeast Asia, and the Middle East. This shift in trade patterns had an impact on global trade.

The Age of Expedition brought European powers to the forefront of global

trade. Countries such as Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands, and Britain started to establish colonies around the world, including in India. This led to European dominance in global trade.

The Industrial Revolution in the 18th and 19th centuries noted another major shift in global trade dynamics. Britain, in particular, briskly industrialized,

leading to increased production and a higher demand for raw materials. This created important changes in international trade patterns.

Conclusion- Ancient trading in India was a major thing that influenced the country’s economy and colourful culture. The economic trade patterns showed the fabulous and diversified nature of the period in both the Indian

subcontinent and other countries. Textiles, spices, and precious materials are Indian goods that are found in distant markets and are much sought after by

traders. The Silk Road and shipping routes created possibilities for trade among India, China, the Middle East, and Europe. This global trade led to economic

growth patterned cultural information and the spread of religious and

philosophical ideas. The impact of ancient Indian trade is beyond measured—it fostered the flow of wealth and promoted cultural links which later shaped the history of the world. It is very important to take a deep dive into the

connection between ancient India and other parts of the world which will help us understand India as a very significant historical country and its being a famous place in the world. Ancient India was littered with so many professions that used to display the broad-skilled and talented people they had. Not only had the usage of skilled artisans and craftsmen made the people learn but the existence of the educated sages and scholars also enriched the society greatly.

It was the agricultural workers who worked very hard by bettering the

connections required to maintain the economy, while those of the traders and merchants who dealt with economic growth caused a massive impact on their networks. The knowledge was entrusted to the priests and scholars who were also the ones that helped people in the practice of spiritual activities called

“Yoga” [Meditation]. The fighters guaranteed the safety and peace of the land. These were also the practitioners who gave society its identity and helped it survive and thrive as well. Hence, these various careers in ancient India not only gave the individual a sense of direction and fulfillment but also led to the collective welfare of the civilization as well. By delving into the various jobs that were helmed in ancient India, we are introduced to a more compound and problematic situation and get to know the original Indian’s creativity and brainstorming, who were not only the provokers of today’s advancements but also the things by which we are comfortably surviving.

References-

Ancient India by RS Sharma