From Gunpower to Algorithms: Evolution in Warfare
A Special Talk by Lt Gen (Dr) PC Nair, PVSM, AVSM, YSM
Organised by Swadeshi Shodh Sansthan | 13 June 2025
Introduction
Warfare has evolved dramatically from primitive weapons to cutting-edge digital systems. Lt. Gen. (Dr.) PC Nair PVSM, AVSM, YSM delivered an insightful session exploring the technological, strategic, and ethical shifts shaping military operations today.
Historical Evolution of Warfare
The session began with a timeline of transformative milestones in warfare:
- Ancient Era: Trebuchets and basic gunpowder use.
- Medieval to Modern: Cannons, revolvers, and nuclear weapons.
- Post-WWII to Present: Armoured vehicles, drones, UAVs, and AI-enabled systems.
Shifting Strategies
Modern conflicts have transitioned from conventional to asymmetric warfare, marked by:
- Use of non-state actors
- Greater civilian infrastructure involvement
- Economic, political, and social instability
- Prolonged and protracted conflicts
Emerging Threats & Technologies
Lt Gen Nair highlighted evolving threats:
- Hypersonic Weapons
- Cyber Warfare
- Threats to national and organisational security
- Economic disruptions
- Influence on international relations
- Algorithm Warfare
- Automated target identification
- AI-driven decision making
- Ethical and legal dilemmas
Role of AI in Warfare
AI is transforming battlefield operations:
- “Weapons don’t sleep”—AI can operate beyond human limitations.
- Real-time friend-foe recognition.
- Increased autonomy in surveillance and combat.
AI Domains Covered:
- Military AI Strategy
- Big Data Analytics
- ISR (Intelligence, Surveillance, Reconnaissance)
- Kinetic & Non-Kinetic Ops
Cloud, IoT & Real-Time Data
- Cloud Computing ensures scalability and rapid information deployment.
- Internet of Military Things (IoMT) connects tactical, operational, and strategic commands.
- Smart Soldier Concept: Battlefield transparency and real-time decision-making.
Operation Sindoor – Case Study
An AI-enhanced operation featuring:
- Autonomous systems & robotics
- Real-time predictive analytics
- Integrated air defence systems like Akashteer, capable of:
- Coordinated drone swarm defence
- Automated threat neutralisation
Assets Used:
- L70, Akash, and Pichora missile systems
- Harop & Heron drones
- D4 Anti-Drone System
- Sky Striker loitering munitions
Technology Marvels in Defence
- 100% automated threat tracking and interception
- Enhanced surveillance through AI integration
- Deep connectivity across military communication networks
Way Ahead
Lt Gen Nair concluded with a roadmap:
- Leverage AI, cloud, and IoT for strategic dominance
- Foster indigenous innovation
- Ensure ethical safeguards in the digital battlefield
